Attitudes and practice of Turkish mothers with babies between 0-24 months regarding infant nutrition: the Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale / Atitudes e aplicações de mães turcas sobre a nutrição do bebê entre 0-24 meses: Iowa Nutrição do Bebê Atitude

ABSTRACT Objective This study aims to evaluate the behaviors and attitudes of mothers with 0-24-month-old babies towards infant feeding, depending on their sociodemographic characteristics. Methods This is a cross-sectional study, which was carried out with 300 mothers. Demographic characteristics of the mothers, breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices, and the Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale were collected. As for the statistical evaluation, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 22 statistical package program was used. For the statistical analysis; percentages, mean values, Independent T-Test, One-Way ANOVA, Chi-Square test, and multinomial regression models analysis were used. Results 79.7% of the mothers gave human milk to their infants as the first food after delivery, 36.9% gave only human milk for the first 6 months, 52.0% started complementary feeding at 4-6 months. Of the mothers with a mean The Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale score of 64.38±8.43, 54.0% were positive towards breastfeeding. A significant relationship was found between education and income levels and Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale scores level of the mothers, respectively (χ2=10.001, χ2=10.421, p<0.05). The mothers with a postgraduate degree as educational status (AOR=1.27, 95%CI:1.06-1.53) and mothers who had more income than expenditures (AOR=1.19, 95%CI:1.03-1.63) were associated with a higher positive towards of breastfeeding. Conclusion Although most of the mothers say that they have a positive attitude towards breastfeeding, the rate of those who only breastfeed for the first 6 months is low. As the education and income level of mothers increase, their positive attitude towards breastfeeding increases. Mothers should be informed to initiate and maintain successful breastfeeding.

RESUMO Objetivo Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar os comportamentos e atitudes de mães com bebês de 0 a 24 meses em relação à alimentação infantil, em função de suas características sociodemográficas. Métodos Este estudo é um estudo transversal, realizado com 300 mães. Foram coletadas características demográficas das mães, práticas de amamentação e alimentação complementar e a Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale. Quanto à avaliação estatística, foi utilizado o programa de pacote estatístico Statistical Package for the Social Sciences versão 22. Para a análise estatística; percentagens, valores médios, Teste T independente, Anova de uma via, teste do qui-quadrado e análise de modelos de regressão multinominal. Resultados 79,7% das mães deram leite materno como primeiro alimento após o parto, 36,9% deram apenas leite materno durante os primeiros 6 meses, 52,0% iniciaram a alimentação complementar aos 4-6 meses. Das mães com escore médio Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale de 64,38±8,43, 54,0% eram positivas para amamentação. Encontrou-se relação significativa entre os níveis de escolaridade e renda e o nível dos Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale escores das mães, respectivamente (χ2=10,001, χ2=10,421, p<0,05). Mães com pós-graduação (AOR=1,27, IC 95%: 1,06-1,53) e mães que tinham mais renda do que despesas (AOR=1,19, IC 95%: 1,03 -1,63) foram associadas a maior positividade para amamentação. Conclusão Embora a maioria das mães diga que têm uma atitude positiva em relação à amamentação, a taxa das que amamentam apenas nos primeiros 6 meses é baixa. À medida que aumenta a escolaridade e o nível de renda das mães, sua atitude positiva em relação à amamentação aumenta. As mães devem ser informadas para iniciar e manter a amamentação com sucesso.

Attitudes toward menopause among middle-aged women in Semnan, Iran

The menopause marks a major biological transition in the lives of all women.Understanding the attitude of women about menopause facilitates the implementationof public health policies that focus on improving women's health. This study wasdesigned to determine the attitude of a group of Iranian women toward menopausewith respect to sociodemographic variables and menopausal status.A cross-sectional study was conducted at Primary Health Centers of Semnan during2012. A total of 747 women aged 45-60 years were interviewed Sociodemographiccharacteristics and attitude toward menopause were collected through a structuredpretested questionnaire. The attitude scale consisted of 17 questions, each rated ona five-point Likert scale with a total score of 85 points.The mean [ +/- SD] age of women was 51.3 [ +/- 4,5] years. Women were classified aspremenopausal [38.4%], perimenopausal [16.9%], and postmenopausal [44.8%].he majority of respondents [63.5%] were illiterate or have had low level of education [<9 years], and 86.3% were unemployed. The mean [ +/- SD] attitude score was 53.3 [ +/- 6.8]. Most of the women [71%] had neutral attitude, 22,8% had positive, and only6.3% had negative attitude toward menopause. Menopausal status, educational level,marital status, place of residency, and employment were not associated with women'sattitude. In general, women's attitude toward menopause ranged from neutral to positive. Theattitude did not differ significantly on the basis of menopausal status, educational level,marital status, place of residency, and employment

Associação entre comportamento sedentário e fatores psicossociais e ambientais em adolescentes da região nordeste do Brasil / Association between sedentary behavior and psychosocial factors and environmental among adolescents from northeastern Brazil

Comportamento sedentário é o termo utilizado para caracterizar um conjunto de atividades com gasto energético próximo aos valores de repouso e normalmente realizadas na posição sentada. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a associação entre comportamento sedentário e fatores psicossociais (atitude, autoeficácia, apoio social para a prática de atividade física) e ambientais (percepção das características do ambiente) em adolescentes da região Nordeste do Brasil. Trata-se de estudo epidemiológico transversal, de base escolar, com amostra representativa de adolescentes de ensino médio de 14 a 19 anos de idade (n= 2859; 57,8% do sexo feminino). O comportamento sedentário foi mensurado por questionário auto-administrado (horas por dia assistindo à televisão ? categorizado de forma dicotômica: ?2h/dia e >2h/dia). Os fatores psicossociais (atitude, autoeficácia, apoio social para a prática de atividade física) e ambientais (acesso e atratividade dos locais para prática de atividade física, segurança e infraestrutura do bairro) foram mensurados por escalas previamente testadas. O escore de cada escala foi tratado por meio de tercis. Os resultados da análise multivariável indicaram uma associação inversa e significativa entre atitude em relação à atividade física e adoção de comportamento sedentário. Adolescentes com atitudes mais positivas em relação à atividade física apresentaram menor chance de passar mais de duas horas por dia assistindo à televisão (masculino ? OR= 0,62; IC95%: 0,40-0,95; feminino ? OR= 0,63; IC95%: 0,44-0,90). Desenvolver e reforçar atitudes positivas em relação às atividades físicas poderá contribuir para a redução no tempo que os jovens despendem nos comportamentos sedentários, particularmente, tempo em frente à televisão.

Sedentary behavior refers to activities that do not increase energy expenditure higher than resting levels, usually performed in sitting position. This study examined the associations of psychosocial factors (attitude, self-efficacy, social support for physical activity) and environmental (perception of environmental characteristics) with sedentary behavior among adolescents from Northeastern Brazil. The sample comprised 2859 adolescents aged 14 to 19 years (57.8% females) enrolled in private or public secondary schools in the municipality of João Pessoa, Northeastern Brazil. Sedentary behavior was measured by standardized selfadministered questionnaire, included questions about the hours a day watching television. The cutoff used to define sedentary behavior individually >2h/day. The following psychosocial and environmental characteristics were measures: attitude, self-efficacy, social support from parents and friends for physical activity and perception of environmental characteristics. The score of each scale was treated by tertiles. Multivariate analysis showed a significant inverse association between adolescents? attitudes regarding to physical activity and sedentary behavior television. Adolescents with more positive attitudes regarding physical activity were less likely to spend more than two hours per day watching television (male - OR = 0.62, 95%CI: 0.40-0.95; female - OR = 0.63, 95%CI: 0.44-0.90). Develop and reinforce positive attitudes to physical activity may be providing a reduction in time spent in sedentary behaviors by adolescents, particularly television time.

Portuguese validation of the children's eating attitudes test / Validação portuguesa do teste de atitudes alimentares para crianças

BACKGROUND: The Eating Attitudes Test (EAT) is the most widely used instrument for evaluating eating disorders in adults and adolescents in a variety of cultures and samples.OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyse the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the Children's Eating Attitudes Test (ChEAT).METHOD: Nine hundred and fifty-six Portuguese secondary students (565 girls and 391 boys) answered the ChEAT. The test-retest reliability was obtained with data from 206 participants from the total sample who re-answered the questionnaire after 4-6 weeks. Psychometric analyses were carried out for the total sample and separately for girls and boys.RESULTS: Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were satisfactory. Principal components factorial analysis yielded four factors in the total sample, accounting for 42.35% of the total variance. Factor structure was similar in the total sample and in both genders. Factors were labelled: F1 "Fear of Getting Fat", F2 "Restrictive and Purgative Behaviours", F3 "Food Preoccupation" and F4 "Social Pressure to Eat". The concurrent validity, explored using the Contour Drawing Figure Rating Scale (CDRS) was high.DISCUSSION: The Portuguese version of the ChEAT is a valid and useful instrument for the evaluation of abnormal eating attitudes and behaviours among Portuguese adolescents.

CONTEXTO: O Teste de Atitudes Alimentares é o instrumento mais utilizado para avaliar distúrbios alimentares em adultos e adolescentes em uma variedade de culturas e amostras.OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as propriedades psicométricas da versão portuguesa da Escala de Atitudes Alimentares para Crianças (ChEAT).MÉ;TODO: Novecentos e cinquenta e seis alunos do ensino secundário (565 moças e 391 moços) responderam ao ChEAT. O cálculo da fidelidade teste-reteste foi feito por meio das respostas de 206 participantes da amostra total que voltaram a responder ao questionário após quatro a seis semanas. As análises psicométricas foram realizadas para o total da amostra e para ambos os sexos separadamente.RESULTADOS: A consistência interna e a fidelidade teste-reteste foram satisfatórias. A análise fatorial em componentes na amostra total resultou em quatro fatores que explicam 42,35% da variância total. A composição dos fatores foi semelhante na amostra total e em ambos os sexos. Os fatores denominaram-se: F1 "Medo de Engordar"; F2 "Comportamentos Restritivos e Purgativos"; F3 "Preocupação com a Comida" e F4 "Pressão Social para Comer". A validade concorrente foi explorada com a Escala de Silhuetas Corporais (CDFRS) e foi elevada.CONCLUSÃO: A versão portuguesa do ChEAT é um instrumento útil e válido para a avaliação de atitudes e comportamentos alimentares em adolescentes portugueses.

High schoolers' knowledge and attitudes about schizophrenia in Saudi Arabia

Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness, usually strikes adolescents and young adults, and drastically reduces their quality of life. To identify and assess wrong ideas, conceptions and attitudes of Saudi adolescents about schizophrenia. The author conducted 300 female students in Saudi Arabia using especially designed questionnaire. Showed the majority of the sample knows about schizophrenia mainly through television and newspapers. They reported schizophrenia as a mental or neuropsychiatric disorder and 27% of them considered patient to have spilt personality. The majority of the students acknowledged that schizophrenia is a treatable disease mainly outside hospitals by psychotherapy. From adolescent point of view, the schizophrenic patient usually has unexpected behavior, and can commit crime and the best help for those patient was raising the awareness of the community about the disease, and give the patient a chance to work. Most of the students showed negative attitude towards schizophrenics. Adolescents had some understanding of schizophrenia as a problem of the brain with psychosocial causes. However, they lacked knowledge about the proper treatment. The students strongly endorse negative attitudes about schizophrenia based on misconception about the symptoms

Satisfacción Personal como Componente de la Calidad de Vida de los Adultos de Medellín / Personal satisfaction as a component of adult's quality of life in Medellin

Objetivo: Determinar la satisfacción personal como el principal componente de la calidad de vida de los hombres y las mujeres de 20 a 64 años de la ciudad de Medellín en el año 2005. Métodos: Estudio poblacional descriptivo transversal, con fuente de información primaria constituida por dos muestras: 659 hombres y 683 mujeres, que representaron a 523 705 y 651 704 respectivamente, según factores de expansión poblacional; seleccionados con muestreo complejo probabilístico, estratificado por estrato socioeconómico, por conglomerados y polietápico: manzanas, viviendas y personas. Resultados: La calidad de vida actual de la población adulta de la ciudad de Medellín está dada principalmente por los aspectos personales, económicos, entorno físico de la vivienda y seguridad social. Los aspectos analizados fueron valorados por encima de 75 por ciento, los que mayor satisfacción generan son las habilidades y capacidades, y las menores la situación económica y la seguridad social. No se presentaron diferencias significativas según sexo en la satisfacción personal con los diferentes aspectos de la vida. Conclusiones: El aporte al conocimiento es evidenciar la necesidad de incorporar lo subjetivo, la opinión, la percepción y la valoración que de su propia vida tenga cada persona, como un componente fundamental en la valoración individual de la calidad de vida.

Objective: Determining personal satisfaction as the main component of the quality of life of men and women aged 20 to 64 in Medellin during 2005. Methods: This was a cross/sectional descriptive population study. Its primary source of information consisted of two samples (659 men and 683 women) representing 523 705 and 651 704 people respectively, according to population expansion factors, selected via probabilistic complex sampling, stratified by socioeconomic level, clustering, city blocks, houses and people. Results: The quality of life for adults in Medellin is mainly represented by personal and economic aspects, their housing's physical environment and social security. The aspects analysed in this study were evaluated above 75 percent; personal abilities and capability produced the greatest satisfaction, whilst the economic situation and social security produced least satisfaction. There were no significant differences according to gender regarding personal satisfaction concerning various aspects of life. Conclusions: This study's contribution to knowledge lies in making evident the need to integrate each person's subjectivity, opinions and individual perception of his/her own life, since these are the main components in evaluating an individual's quality of life.

Colciencias e inconciencias con los científicos colombianos: de la Edad de Piedra al factor de impacto / Colciencias and disdain for Colombian scientists: from the Stone Age to the impact factor

La evolución de la escritura, en el mundo, ha sido dramática; sin embargo, la evaluación de producción científica en Colombia no, incluyendo el mal uso de los decretos gubernamentales 1444 de 1993 y 1279 del 2002. Este último autorizó a Colciencias, ente creado para apoyar la investigación en Colombia, a reglamentar la evaluación de la producción intelectual, quien determinó evaluarla con el nada científico "factor de impacto", y descalificó a MEDLINE/PubMed y PsyINFO, sin justificación alguna, acercándose con esto al prevaricato. Esto afecta las investigaciones colombianas y el salario de los docentes-investigadores dejando, además, en gran desventaja las publicaciones científicas colombianas. Recomendamos que manuscritos registrados en bases de datos calificadas, incluyendo PubMed/MEDLINE, se califiquen de acuerdo a la ley, evitando así un mayor perjuicio a la producción científica escrita colombiana.

Creating options in family planning for the private sector in Latin America

Los países de América Latina y el Caribe enfrentan el cese gradual del apoyo y de la ayuda técnica y administrativa brindados por donantes internacionales a los proveedores de productos anticonceptivos, por lo que dependen cada vez más de los limitados recursos del sector público y del papel menguante del sector privado para la provisión de anticonceptivos al público en general. Así las cosas, dichos países tendrán que crear estrategias multisectoriales para lograr la provisión segura de anticonceptivos. Deberán, asimismo, tener en cuenta la situación del mercado de los productos y servicios de planificación familiar a fin de poder definir y promover los papeles complementarios que han de desempeñar el sector público, el sector comercial y el sector de las organizaciones no gubernamentales, así como determinar con más exactitud a qué grupos de la población debe servir cada uno de estos sectores. Si bien es cierto que el sector público no puede exigirle al sector privado su participación, sí le es posible crear las condiciones propicias para que este asuma un papel más destacado en la satisfacción de las necesidades cada vez mayores de quienes usan métodos de planificación familiar. Tomar medidas para incrementar la participación del sector privado en el mercado es una estrategia esencial si se ha de lograr una distribución más equitativa de los recursos existentes, satisfacer necesidades insatisfechas y crear un futuro sustentable para los proveedores de productos y servicios de planificación familiar. En este trabajo también se examinan en detalle las experiencias de dos países, Paraguay y Perú. El mercado de servicios de planificación familiar en Paraguay es ejemplo de la vigorosa participación del sector privado, aunque el acceso a los servicios de planificación familiar es limitado para quienes no pueden afrontar los costos de dicho sector. En Perú tuvo lugar en 1995 un cambio de políticas orientado a aumentar la cobertura de los servicios de planificación familiar que redundó en un acceso restringido para los pobres y dejó al Ministerio de Salud sin poder sufragar la necesidad creciente de productos y servicios de planificación familiar.

Evaluation of attitude, risk behavior and expectations among Thai participants in Phase I/II HIV/AIDS vaccine trials.

The Understanding of volunteers in vaccine trials about their role as study participants and their voluntary commitment during the study are always one of the important concerns apart from evaluation of safety and efficacy of vaccine trials, especially in HIV prophylactic vaccine trials. The apprehension of indirectly risky behavior encouragement and deviated expectations among volunteers should be of concern. The current prospective cohort study aimed to assess and monitor the changes of risk behaviors, attitude and expectations among 164 volunteers from 2 studies of different prophylactic HIV vaccines, the Chiron HIV Thai E gp 120/MF59 +/- the Chiron HIV SF52 gp120 and Aventis Pasteur Live Recombinant ALVAC HIV (vCP1521) priming with VaxGen gp120B/E (AIDSVAX B/E) boosting. 113 males and 51 females with a mean age (+/- SD) of 28.82 +/- 7.97 years old were enrolled from October 1997 to December 1998 and February 2000 to April 2001. Education and risk reduction counseling were regularly performed at every visit and questionnaires about risk behaviors, knowledge, attitudes, social influences and expectations were asked at baseline, 4 months and 12 months. No change of potentially HIV transmission related risk behavior was observed during the studies. There was a statistically significant decrease of risk sexual practices from the beginning of the trials (42.2% vs 1%, p < 0.0001). While 35.2 per cent from 62.2 per cent of the volunteers at the beginning of the study continued sexual practice with an identified single sexual partner at the end of the study (p < 0.0001). All of the volunteers expressed the beneficial expectations as knowledge gain, social contribution, feelings of having gained merit and self-benefits from health check-ups.

Knowledge, attitude and practice of Afghan refugee women residing in Zahedan about family planning

Considering the high number of Afghan refugees in Zahedan and the important issue of their life style, the present study was carried out to determine knowledge, attitude and practice of Afghan Refugee women residing in Zahedan about family planning. A sample of 397 married women was interviewed at their homes. Statistical analysis was performed using Chi-square, t-student and Kruskal Wallis tests by SPSS. Our findings indicated that there existed low marriage and pregnancy age and high rate of pregnancy and illiteracy among them. Most Afghan refugee women had knowledge about oral contraceptives and the most common contraception used by them was oral and injectable contraception. Forty eight and sixth percent were using no contraception, for which, intention to have more children, being pregnant and husband's disagreement were mentioned as main reasons. Unwanted pregnancy was reported by 20.4% with improper use of contraception as its main reason. They believed that having son in the family [51.8%] and early marriage of daughters [57.8%] are necessary. There was a significant relationship between knowledge, attitude, practice with literacy, husband's literacy, ethnicity, and their religion [P < 0.001]. Iranian health system presents health services to refugee Afghan women similar to Iranian women. It is necessary to continue those services and to provide effective training based on their changing needs

Primitive society, health & elderly.

Mankind have been ravaged by diseases since primitive age and remedial measures were emprirical learnt either by accident, experience or superstition. But most elderly population were killed and hardly died of diseases. Fate of women were no better. Care for elderly came with civilization. They were little better in the East compared to the West. Although elderly population were better treated in India, China tops the list for elderly care. Even today the oldest man in the family is most respected. Civilized nations even today discriminate elderly population compared to children and adult, but apply the yardstick in a different manner, direct killing alone is not allowed.

Salud y enfermedad en el Trapecio Andino: una experiencia de medicina tradicional en las comunidades de Saylla y Huasao / Andean Trapezoid health and sickness

El presente volumen recoge el producto de 115 entrevistas a personas integrantes de 23 familias de las comunidades de Saylla y Huasao (Cusco), se pudo conocer y controlar los efectos del cambio en los hábitos, usos y costumbres en salud en estas dos comunidades; una con fuerte influencia de la medicina formal y la otra de la medicina tradicional